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There must be electromagnetic fields created during high-energy heavy-ioncollisions. As the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) starts to evolve hydrodynamically,although these fields may become weak comparing to the energy scales of thestrong interaction, they are potentially important to some electromagneticprobes. In this work, we focus on the dissipative corrections in QGP due to thepresence of a weak external magnetic field, and calculate accordingly theinduced photon radiation in the framework of viscous hydrodynamics. Byevent-by-event hydrodynamical simulations, the experimentally measured directphoton elliptic flow can be well reproduced. Correspondingly, the direct photonelliptic flow implies a magnetic field strength around 0.1$m_\pi^2 \sim10^{16}$ G. This is indeed a weak field in heavy-ion physics that is compatibleto the theoretical predictions, however, it is still an ultra-strong magneticfield in nature.

Estimate magnetic field strength in heavy-ion collisions via the direct photon elliptic flow