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Hydrogen metallurgy technology uses hydrogen as the reducing agent instead ofcarbon reduction, which is one of the important ways to reduce carbon dioxideemissions and ensure the green and sustainable development of iron and steelindustry. Due to the advantages of high gas-solid contact efficiency andoutstanding mass and heat transfer, direct reduction of iron ore in fluidizedbeds has attracted much attention. In this study, a coarse-grained CFD-DEM-IBMsolver based on hybrid CPU-GPU computing is developed to simulate the directreduction process of two kinds of iron ore with hydrogen in fluidized beds,where an unreacted shrinking core model based on multiple reaction paths isused to model the reduction reactions, a coarse-grained model and multiple GPUsenable the significant acceleration of particle computation, and the immersedboundary method (IBM) enables the use of simple mesh even in complex geometriesof reactors. The predicted results of particle reduction degree are in goodagreement with the experimental values, which proves the correctness of theCFD-DEM-IBM solver. In addition, the effects of reaction kinetic parameters andoperating temperature on particle reduction degree are also investigated.Present study provides a method for digital design, optimization and scale-upof ironmaking reactors.

Direct reduction of iron-ore with hydrogen in fluidized beds: A coarse-grained CFD-DEM-IBM study