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Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) use smart contracts to fostercommunities working toward common goals. Existing definitions ofdecentralization, however-the 'D' in DAO-fall short of capturing key propertiescharacteristic of diverse and equitable participation. We propose a new metriccalled Voting-Bloc Entropy (VBE, pronounced ''vibe'') that formalizes a broadnotion of decentralization in voting on DAO proposals. VBE measures thesimilarity of participants' utility functions across a set of proposals. We useVBE to prove a number of results about the decentralizing effects of votedelegation, proposal bundling, bribery, and quadratic voting. Our results leadto practical suggestions for enhancing DAO decentralization. One of our resultshighlights the risk of systemic bribery with increasing DAO decentralization.To show that this threat is realistic, we present the first practicalrealization of a Dark DAO, a proposed mechanism for privacy-preservingcorruption of identity systems, including those used in DAO voting. OurDark-DAO prototype uses trusted execution environments (TEEs) in the OasisSapphire blockchain for attacks on Ethereum DAOs. It demonstrates that DarkDAOs constitute a realistic future concern for DAO governance.

DAO Decentralization: Voting-Bloc Entropy, Bribery, and Dark DAOs