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In binary superfluid counterflow systems, vortex nucleation arises as aconsequence of hydrodynamic instabilities when the coupling coefficient andcounterflow velocity exceed critical value. When dealing with two identicalcomponents, one might naturally anticipate that the number of vorticesgenerated would remain equal. However, our investigation has unveiled aremarkable phenomenon: in AC counterflow systems, once the coupling coefficientand frequency exceed certain critical values, a surprising symmetry-breakingphenomenon occurs. This results in an asymmetry in the number of vortices inthe two components. We establish that this phenomenon represents a novelcontinuous phase transition, which, as indicated by the phase diagram, isexclusively observable in AC counterflow. We provide an explanation for thisintriguing phenomenon through soliton structures, thus shedding light on theintricate and distinct characteristics of quantum fluid instability and itsrich spectrum of phenomena.

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of Vortex Number in Binary Superfluid AC Counterflow