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Here we introduce an improved approach to Variational Quantum AttackAlgorithms (VQAA) on crytographic protocols. Our methods provide robust quantumattacks to well-known cryptographic algorithms, more efficiently and withremarkably fewer qubits than previous approaches. We implement simulations ofour attacks for symmetric-key protocols such as S-DES, S-AES and Blowfish. Forinstance, we show how our attack allows a classical simulation of a small8-qubit quantum computer to find the secret key of one 32-bit Blowfish instancewith 24 times fewer number of iterations than a brute-force attack. Our workalso shows improvements in attack success rates for lightweight ciphers such asS-DES and S-AES. Further applications beyond symmetric-key cryptography arealso discussed, including asymmetric-key protocols and hash functions. Inaddition, we also comment on potential future improvements of our methods. Ourresults bring one step closer assessing the vulnerability of large-sizeclassical cryptographic protocols with Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)devices, and set the stage for future research in quantum cybersecurity.

Hacking Cryptographic Protocols with Advanced Variational Quantum Attacks