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The axion, as a leading dark matter candidate, is the target of many on-goingand proposed experimental searches based on its coupling to photons. Ultralightaxions that couple to photons can also cause polarization rotation of lightwhich can be probed by cosmic microwave background. In this work, we show thata large axion field is inevitably developed around black holes due to theBose-Einstein condensation of axions, enhancing the induced birefringenceeffects. Therefore, we propose measuring the modulation of supermassive blackhole imaging polarization angles as a new probe to the axion-photon coupling ofaxion dark matter. The oscillating axion field around black holes inducespolarization rotation on the black hole image, which is detectable anddistinguishable from astrophysical effects on the polarization angle, as itexhibits distinctive temporal variability and frequency invariability. Wepresent the range of axion-photon couplings within the axion mass range$10^{-21}-10^{-16}\text{eV}$ that can be probed by the Event Horizon Telescope.The axion parameter space probed by black hole polarimetry will expand with theimprovement in sensitivity on the polarization measurement and more black holepolarimetry targets with determined black hole masses.

Detecting Axion Dark Matter with Black Hole Polarimetry