English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Charged particles are constantly accelerated to non-thermal energies by thereconnecting magnetic field in the solar atmosphere. Our understanding of theinteractions between the particles and their environment can benefit fromthree-dimensional atmospheric simulations accounting for non-thermal particlebeams. In a previous publication, we presented the first results from such asimulation. However, the original treatment of beam propagation ignorespotentially important phenomena. Here, we present a more general beampropagation model incorporating magnetic gradient forces, the return current,acceleration by the ambient electric field, and temperature-dependent collisionrates. Neglecting collisional velocity randomisation makes the modelsufficiently lightweight to simulate millions of beams. We investigate how eachnew physical effect changes beam energy transport in a three-dimensionalatmosphere. We applied the method of characteristics to the steady-statecontinuity equation for electron flux to derive ordinary differential equationsfor the mean evolution of energy, pitch angle, and flux with distance. For eachbeam, we solved these numerically for a range of initial energies to obtain theevolving flux spectrum, from which we computed the energy deposited into theambient plasma. Magnetic gradient forces significantly influence the depositionof beam energy. The strong magnetic field convergence leads to a small coronaldeposition peak followed by a heavy dip caused by the onset of magneticmirroring. Mirrored electrons carry away 5 to 10% of the injected beam energyon average. The transition region peak produced by the remaining energeticelectrons occurs slightly deeper than in a uniform magnetic field. An initialdiverging magnetic field enhances the subsequent impact of mirroring. The othernew physical effects are less significant for the studied atmosphericconditions.

Accelerated particle beams in a 3D simulation of the quiet Sun. Effects of advanced beam propagation modelling