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Taper equations are indispensable tools for characterizing the stem profileof trees, providing valuable insights for forest management, timber inventory,and optimal assortments allocation. The recent progress in Terrestrial LaserScanning (TLS) has revolutionized forest inventory practices by enablingnon-destructive data collection. In this study, four taper models from threedifferent model categories were established based on point cloud data of 219Pinus nigra trees. The taper equations fitted with TLS data were used topredict the diameter at specific stem heights and the total stem volume. Theresults show that among fitted models, the Max and Burkhart segmented modelcalibrated by the means of a mixed-effects approach provided the best estimateof the diameter at different heights and the total stem volume evaluated fordifferent diameter at breast height (DBH) classes. In numerical terms, thismodel estimated the diameter and the volume with a respective overall error of0.781 cm and 0.021 m3. The predicted profile also shows that above a relativeheight of 0.7, the diameter error tends to increase due to the low reliabilityof data collected beyond the base of the crown primarily caused by interferencefrom branches and leaves. Nevertheless, this study shows that TLS technologypresents a compelling opportunity and a promising non-destructive alternativefor generating taper profiles and estimating tree volume.

Comparative analysis of taper models for Pinus nigra: A study across  parametric, semi-parametric, and non-parametric models using terrestrial  laser scanner acquired data