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Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) techniques aim to characterize scatteringmedia by examining their optical response to laser illumination. Time-domainDOS methods involve illuminating the medium with a laser pulse and using a fastphotodetector to measure the time-dependent intensity of light that exits themedium after multiple scattering events. While DOS research traditionallyfocused on characterizing biological tissues, we demonstrate that time-domaindiffuse optical measurements can also be used to characterize snow. Weintroduce a model that predicts the time-dependent reflectance of a snowpack asa function of its density, grain size, and black carbon content, and we developan algorithm that retrieves these properties from measurements at twowavelengths. To validate our approach, we use a two-wavelength lidar system andmeasure the time-dependent reflectance of snow samples with varying properties.Rather than measuring direct surface returns, our system captures photons thatenter and exit the snow at different points, separated by a small distance(4-10cm). We find strong, linear correlations between our retrievals of densityand black carbon concentration, and ground truth measurements. Although thecorrelation is not as strong, we also find that our method is capable ofdistinguishing between small and large grains.

Measurement of Snowpack Density, Grain Size, and Black Carbon Concentration Using Time-domain Diffuse Optics