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Thin bilayers made of elastic sheets with different strain recoveries can beused for dynamic shape morphing through ambient stimuli, such as temperature,mass diffusion, and light. As a fundamentally different approach to designingtemporal shape change, constituent polymer molecular features (rather thanexternal fields) are leveraged, specifically the viscoelasticity of gelatinbilayers, to achieve dynamic three-dimensional (3D) curls and helical twists.After stretching and releasing, the acquired 3D shape recovers its originalflat shape on a timescale originating from the polymer viscoelasticity. Thebilayer time-dependent curvature can be accurately predicted from hyperelasticand viscoelastic functions using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA reveals thenonlinear shape dynamics in space and time in quantitative agreement withexperiments. The findings present a new frontier in dynamic biomimeticshape-morphing by exploiting intrinsic material properties in contrast withstate-of-the-art methods relying on external field variations, moving one stepcloser to acquiring autonomous shape-shifting capabilities of biologicalsystems.

Dynamic, viscoelasticity-driven shape change of elastomer bilayers