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Counterfeiting threatens human health, social equity, national security andglobal and local economies. Hardware-based cryptography that exploits physicalunclonable functions (PUFs) provides the means for secure identification andauthentication of products. While optical PUFs are among the hardest toreplicate, they suffer from low encoding capacity and often complex andexpensive read-out. Here we report PUF labels with nanoscale features andoptical responses that arise from the guided self-assembly of plasmonicnanoparticles. Nanosphere lithography combined with DNA origami placement areused to create tightly packed randomised nanoparticle assemblies. Nanoscalevariations within these assemblies define the scattering color of theindividual spots that are arranged in a hexagonal lattice with spacing down tothe optical resolution limit. Due to the nanoscale dimensions, the intrinsicrandomness of the particle assemblies and their resulting optical responses,our PUFs are virtually impossible to replicate while they can be read-out witheconomical 3D-printed hardware.

Self-assembled physical unclonable function labels based on plasmonic coupling