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X-ray phase contrast imaging has emerged as a promising technique forenhancing contrast and visibility of light-element materials, including softtissues and tumors. In this paper, we propose a novel model for a single-maskphase imaging system based on the transport-of-intensity equation. Our modeloffers an intuitive understanding of signal and contrast formation insingle-mask phase imaging systems. We also demonstrate efficient retrieval ofattenuation and differential phase contrast with just one intensity imagewithout requiring spectral information or mask/detector movement. The modelvalidity as well as the proposed retrieval method is demonstrated via bothexperimental results on a system developed in-house as well as with Monte Carlosimulations. Our proposed model overcomes the limitations of existing models byproviding an intuitive visualization of the image formation process. It alsoallows optimizing differential phase imaging geometries for practicalapplications, further enhancing broader applicability. Furthermore, the generalmethodology described herein offers insight on deriving transport-of-intensitymodels for novel X-ray imaging systems with periodic structures in the beampath.

Transport-of-Intensity Model for Single-Mask X-ray Differential Phase Contrast Imaging