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The Amazon rainforest (ARF) is threatened by deforestation and climatechange, which could trigger a regime shift to a savanna-like state. Previouswork suggesting declining resilience in recent decades was based only on localresilience indicators. Moreover, previous results are potentially biased by theemployed multi-sensor and optical satellite data and undetected anthropogenicland-use change. Here, we show that the spatial correlation provides a morerobust resilience indicator than local estimators and employ it to measureresilience changes in the ARF, based on single-sensor Vegetation Optical Depthdata under conservative exclusion of human activity. Our results show anoverall loss of resilience until around 2019, which is especially pronounced inthe southwestern and northern Amazon for the time period from 2002 to 2011. Thedemonstrated reliability of spatial correlation in coupled systems suggeststhat in particular the southwest of the ARF has experienced pronouncedresilience loss over the last two decades.

Spatial correlation increase in single-sensor satellite data reveals loss of Amazon rainforest resilience