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Studies of liquid jet impacts onto a deep liquid pool are of greatsignificance for a multitude of engineering and environmental applications.During jet impact, the free surface of the pool deforms and a cavity isgenerated. Simultaneously, the free surface of the cavity extends radiallyoutward and forms a rim. Eventually the cavity collapses by means of gasinertia and surface tension. In this work we study numerically such cavitycollapse, under different impact velocities and ambient gas density conditions.An axisymmetric numerical model, based on the volume of fluid method isconstructed in Basilisk C. This model is validated by qualitative andquantitative comparison with theory and experiments, in a parameter range thathas not been previously explored. Our results show two distinct regimes in thecavity collapse mechanism. By considering forces pulling along the interface,we derive scaling arguments for the time of closure and maximum radius of thecavity, based on the Weber number. For jets with uniform constant velocity fromtip to tail and $We \leq 150$ the cavity closure is capillary dominated andhappens below the surface (deep seal). In contrast, for $We \geq 200$ thecavity closure happens above the surface (surface seal) and is dominated by thegas entrainment and the pressure gradient that it causes. Our results provideinformation for understanding pollutant transport during droplet impacts onlarge bodies of water, and other engineering application, like additivemanufacturing, lithography and needle-free injections.

Gas density influences the transition from capillary collapse to surface seal in microfluidic jet impacts on deep pools