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Spatial-temporal sharing of sunlight between solar modules and crops needs tobe designed optimally in agrivoltaics (AV). For AV with fixed module tilts, thesunlight balance is governed through the spatial density and elevation of themodules which cannot be manipulated after the installation. For flexiblefood-energy balancing across various seasons and crop rotations, modules withsingle or dual axis mobility can be best suitable. AV tracking must be gearedtowards ensuring a desired sunlight balance that may depend on many factorsincluding the crop type, module array density, socio-economic factors, andlocal policies. Here, we explore single axis customized tracking (CT) for themobile AV using a techno-economic model that incorporates design parametersincluding crop's shade sensitivity, module to land area ratio, and moduletypes, as well as the economic parameters including soft and hardware costs formodules, feed-in-tariff, and crop income. CT is implemented through standardtracking that tracks the sun around noon hours and its orthogonal, i.e.,anti-tracking around sunrise and sunset. We evaluate the optimal CT schemesthat can maximize economic performance while ensuring the desired food-energyyield thresholds. Economic feasibility for AV is evaluated in terms of theratio (ppr) of the price for the module system customizations to theperformance benefit due to the crop income. A case study for Punjab, Pakistanshows that CT schemes for moderate shade sensitive crops and typically dense AVmodule arrays can require 30 to 40 percent increase in the reference FIT toensure the food-energy yield threshold of 80 percent relative to standalonefood-energy farms for high and low value crops, respectively. CT schemes for alower crop yield threshold of 70 percent require the corresponding increase inFIT to 10 to 20 percent, respectively.

How does Module Tracking for Agrivoltaics Differ from Standard Photovoltaics? Performance & Technoeconomic Implications