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Large groups of active cilia collectively beat in a fluid medium asmetachronal waves, essential for some microorganisms motility and for flowgeneration in mucociliary clearance. Several models can predict the emergenceof metachronal waves, but what controls the properties of metachronal waves isstill unclear. Here, we investigate numerically a simple model for cilia in thepresence of noise on regular lattices in one- and two-dimensions. Wecharacterize the wave using spatial correlation and the frequency of collectivebeating. Our results clearly show that the viscosity of the fluid medium doesnot affect the wavelength; the activity of the cilia does. These numericalresults are supported by a dimensional analysis, which is expected to be robustagainst the model for active force generation, unless surrounding fluidinfluences the cilia activity. Interestingly, enhancement of cilia activityincreases the wavelength and decreases the beating frequency, keeping the wavevelocity almost unchanged. These results might have significance inunderstanding paramecium locomotion and mucociliary clearance diseases.

Role of cilia activity and surrounding viscous fluid on properties of metachronal waves