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The tropical overturning circulation is examined in a moist aquaplanetgeneral circulation model forced using a non-interactive sea surfacetemperature (SST) distribution that varies between a present-day Earth-likeprofile and one that is globally uniform. A traditional Hadley Cell (HC)-likeflow is observed in all experiments along with the poleward transport of heatand angular momentum. In simulations with non-zero SST gradients, latent heatreleased from organized convection near the equator sets up a deep tropicalcell; midlatitude baroclinic Rossby waves flux heat and angular momentumpoleward, reinforcing the thermally direct circulation. As the imposed SSTgradient is weakened, the HC transitions from a thermally and eddy-drivenregime to one that's completely eddy-driven. When the SST is globally uniform,equatorial waves concentrate precipitation in the tropics and facilitate thelower-level convergence necessary for the ascending branch of the HC.Conventional midlatitude Rossby waves become very weak, but upper-levelbaroclinicity generates waves that cause equatorward transport of heat andpoleward transport of momentum. Moreover, these upper-level waves induce acirculation that opposes the time-mean HC, thus highlighting the role oftropical waves in driving a traditional overturning flow for uniform SSTs. Inall cases, anomalies associated with the tropical waves closely resemble thosethat sum to give the upper-level zonal mean divergent outflow. Through theirability to modulate tropical rainfall and the related latent heating,equatorial waves cause considerable hemispheric asymmetry in the HC and impartsynoptic and intraseasonal variability to the tropical overturning circulation.

The role of tropical and extra-tropical waves in the Hadley circulation