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Understanding the combined effects of climate change and habitatfragmentation on the adaptive potential of plant populations is essential fordevising effective conservation strategies. This is particularly importantwhere mating system variation impacts the evolutionary consequences of habitatfragmentation. Here we aimed to reveal how habitat fragmentation and climateadaptation jointly influence the evolutionary trajectories in Primula elatior,a heterostylous self-incompatible and dispersal-constrained forest herb. Wequantified the genomic variation and degree of herkogamy, a floral traitreducing self-pollination, across 60 geographically paired populations ofPrimula elatior across Europe, each pair featuring contrasting levels ofhabitat fragmentation. Our findings revealed a large and unique set of adaptiveoutliers in more fragmented landscapes, compared to high-connectivity ones,despite the geographic proximity of the sampling pairs. This suggests elevatedselective pressures in fragmented habitats, mirrored by a reduced adaptivepotential to cope with climate change. Finally, a minority of genetic variantsassociated with herkogamy were influenced by current levels of habitatfragmentation and population size, potentially signalling early indicators ofevolutionary mating system changes in response to pollinator limitation.Because evolutionary trajectories and adaptive potential are expected to beincreasingly affected by habitat fragmentation, our findings underscore theimportance of considering both habitat fragmentation and climate adaptation inconservation research and planning.

Habitat fragmentation reshapes genomic footprints of selection in a forest herb