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Urban warming is evident in numerous cities. On especially hot days, buildingsurfaces warm up, leading to buoyancy-driven flows adjacent to these surfaces.The dynamics of the flow structures are largely influenced by the interplaybetween incoming wind and the buoyancy-driven flows. In this study, we usedlarge eddy simulations and wind tunnel measurements to investigate the flowfield around an isolated cubic building when different surfaces of the buildingare warmed. Under conditions of low wind speeds, ranging from 0.5 to 2 m/s, thesurface temperatures of the scaled building were maintained between 20 and 95{\deg}C. As the Richardson number (Ri) varied from 0 to 4.00, the flow,initially dominated by forced convection, shifted to being primarily steered bymixed convection. At low wind speeds and high Ri values, the thermal effect ledto noticeable changes in the reattachment and recirculation region lengths,with reductions of up to 48.3% in some cases. At pedestrian levels, thermallyinduced airflows often created localized hot spots, particularly aroundbuilding corners and wall sections. This study offers insights intoarchitectural designs that can potentially enhance wind-thermal comfort andimprove pollutant dispersion around buildings.

Hot spots and flow structures around an isolated cuboid building subjected to surface warming: Large eddy simulations and wind tunnel measurements