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Lightweight refractory high-entropy alloy coatings (RHEAcs) ofNbxMo$_{0.5}$Ti$_{1.5}$Ta$_{0.2}$Cr (where $x=$ 1, 1.3, 1.5, and 2) werefabricated on the surface of 316L stainless steel using laser cladding (LC)technology. A comprehensive study was conducted to elucidate the effect of Nbcontent on the microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance ofNbxMo$_{0.5}$Ti$_{1.5}$Ta$_{0.2}$Cr RHEAcs before and after annealing at 900for 10 h. The results show that the grains are gradually refined with theincrease of Nb content. The coating consists mainly of a body-centered cubic(BCC) solid solution, C15-Laves phase, and a small amount of hexagonalclose-packed (HCP) solid solution containing Ti. The microhardness of RHEAcs issignificantly higher compared to the base material. Notably, at Nb1.3, due tothe influence of lattice dislocations, the microhardness reaches a peak of1066.5 HV, which is about 7.11 times higher than that of the base material. Onthe contrary, at Nb$_2$, the microhardness is at its lowest point, averaging709.31 HV, but 4.72 times that of the base material. After annealing, anincrease in microhardness is observed at all Nb concentrations, up to 31.2% atNb$_2$. Before annealing, the wear resistance of RHEAcs was slightly betterthan that of 316L stainless steel at different Nb contents. However, afterannealing, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of the coatings arelower than those of annealed 316L stainless steel, highlighting their excellentwear resistance. It is noteworthy that the loss of wear properties afterannealing at Nb1 is at a minimum, obtaining the most balanced wear resistancebefore and after annealing. The enhanced wear resistance after annealing can beattributed to the presence of ultra-fine grain oxide friction layers, mainlycomposed of TiO2 and Ta2O5 . The main mode of wear is oxidative wear, with asmall amount of wear from abrasive wear.

Microstructure evolution and characteristics of laser-clad lightweight refractory NbxMo$_{0.5}$Ti$_{1.5}$Ta$_{0.2}$Cr high-entropy alloy