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The packing behavior of powders is significantly influenced by various typesof inter-particle attractive forces, including adhesion and non-bonded van derWaals forces [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Alongside particle size and shapedistributions, the inter-particle interactions, in particular frictional andadhesive forces, play a crucial role in determining the flow behavior andconsequently the packing density of the powder layer. The impact of varioustypes of attractive forces on the packing density of powders with differentmaterials and particle size distributions remains largely unexplored andrequires further investigation. Accurately comprehending these effects throughexperiments while considering specific particle size distributions and materialproperties poses significant challenges. To address these challenges, we employDiscrete Element Method (DEM) simulations to characterize the packing behaviorof fine powders. We can demonstrate quantitative agreement with experimentalresults by incorporating the appropriate particle size distribution and usingan adequate model of attractive particle interactions. Furthermore, ourfindings indicate that both adhesion, which is modeled using theJohnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model [7], and van der Waals interactions arecrucial factors that must be taken into account in DEM simulations.

DEM simulation of the powder application in powder bed fusion