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3D printing technology offers the possibility of producing synthetic sampleswith accurately defined microstructures. As indicated by effective mediumtheory (EMT), the shapes, orientations, and sizes of voids significantly affectthe overall elastic response of a solid body. By performing uniaxialcompression tests on twenty types of 3D-printed samples containing voids ofdifferent geometries, we examine whether the measured effective elasticitiesare accurately predicted by EMT. To manufacture the sample, we selectedprinters that use different technologies; fused deposition modelling (FDM), andstereolithography (SLA). We show how printer settings (FDM case) or sample curetime (SLA case) affect the measured properties. We also examine thereproducibility of elasticity tests on identically designed samples. To obtainthe range of theoretical predictions, we assume either uniform strain oruniform stress. Our study of over two hundred samples shows that measuredeffective elastic moduli can fit EMT predictions with an error of less than 5%using both FDM and SLA methods if certain printing specifications and sampledesign considerations are taken into account. Notably, we find that the porevolume fraction of the designed samples should be above 1% to induce ameasurable softening effect, but below 5% to produce accurate EMT estimationsthat fit the measured elastic properties of the samples. Our results highlightboth the strengths of EMT for predicting the effective properties of solidswith low pore fraction volume microstructural configurations, and thelimitations for high porosity microstructures.

Uniaxial compression of 3D printed samples with voids: laboratory measurements compared with predictions from Effective Medium Theory