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With language technology increasingly affecting individuals' lives, manyrecent works have investigated the ethical aspects of NLP. Among other topics,researchers focused on the notion of morality, investigating, for example,which moral judgements language models make. However, there has been little tono discussion of the terminology and the theories underpinning those effortsand their implications. This lack is highly problematic, as it hides the works'underlying assumptions and hinders a thorough and targeted scientific debate ofmorality in NLP. In this work, we address this research gap by (a) providing anoverview of some important ethical concepts stemming from philosophy and (b)systematically surveying the existing literature on moral NLP w.r.t. theirphilosophical foundation, terminology, and data basis. For instance, we analysewhat ethical theory an approach is based on, how this decision is justified,and what implications it entails. Our findings surveying 92 papers show that,for instance, most papers neither provide a clear definition of the terms theyuse nor adhere to definitions from philosophy. Finally, (c) we give threerecommendations for future research in the field. We hope our work will lead toa more informed, careful, and sound discussion of morality in languagetechnology.

Values, Ethics, Morals? On the Use of Moral Concepts in NLP Research