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We demonstrate how to measure in-situ for heading errors of optically pumpedmagnetometers in geomagnetic fields. For this, we implement microwave-drivenRabi oscillations and Ramsey interferometry on hyperfine transitions as twoindependent methods to detect scalar systematics of free induction decay (FID)signals. We showcase the wide applicability of this technique by operating inthe challenging parameter regime of compact vapor cells with imperfect pumpingand high buffer gas pressure. In this system, we achieve suppression of largeinaccuracies arising from nonlinear Zeeman (NLZ) shifts by up to a factor of 10to levels below 0.6 nT. In the Ramsey method we accomplish this, even inarbitrary magnetic field directions, by employing a hyper-Ramsey protocol andoptical pumping with adiabatic power ramps. For the Rabi technique, this levelof accuracy is reached, despite associated drive-dependent shifts, byreferencing Rabi frequency measurements to a complete atom-microwave couplingmodel that incorporates the microwave polarization structure.

Correcting heading errors in optically pumped magnetometers through microwave interrogation