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Even if globally neutral, in various scenarios compact objects can have anonvanishing dipole moment. Examples include neutron stars with magneticdipoles, black-hole microstates in the string-theory fuzzball scenario, andclassical black holes in modified theories of gravity with spin-inducedscalarization or Lorentz-violating terms. A fundamental dipole moment wouldgive rise to rich phenomenology, for example to intrinsic precession and extraemission channels in binary systems. We show that extreme mass-ratio inspirals(EMRIs) detectable by future gravitational-wave interferometers allow us tostudy a fundamental dipole on the secondary object in a model-agnostic fashion.By developing a general model for a fundamental scalar dipole, we compute theextra flux associated with it. This effect is suppressed by the square of themass ratio relative to the case of fundamental charges, making its detectionwith EMRIs very challenging for the typical dipole moments predicted in variousmodels. On the other hand, for the same reason the impact of an extra dipolefor constraints on extra fundamental charges is likely negligible, making thelatter constraints more robust.

Extreme mass-ratio inspirals as probes of fundamental dipoles