English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

A test oracle serves as a criterion or mechanism to assess the correspondencebetween software output and the anticipated behavior for a given input set. Inautomated testing, black-box techniques, known for their non-intrusive naturein test oracle construction, are widely used, including notable methodologieslike differential testing and metamorphic testing. Inspired by the mathematicalconcept of inverse function, we present Retromorphic Testing, a novel black-boxtesting methodology. It leverages an auxiliary program in conjunction with theprogram under test, which establishes a dual-program structure consisting of aforward program and a backward program. The input data is first processed bythe forward program and then its program output is reversed to its originalinput format using the backward program. In particular, the auxiliary programcan operate as either the forward or backward program, leading to differenttesting modes. The process concludes by examining the relationship between theinitial input and the transformed output within the input domain. For example,to test the implementation of the sine function $\sin(x)$, we can employ itsinverse function, $\arcsin(x)$, and validate the equation $x =\sin(\arcsin(x)+2k\pi), \forall k \in \mathbb{Z}$. In addition to thehigh-level concept of Retromorphic Testing, this paper presents its threetesting modes with illustrative use cases across diverse programs, includingalgorithms, traditional software, and AI applications.

Retromorphic Testing: A New Approach to the Test Oracle Problem