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External piecewise-constant feedback control can modify energetic andentropic balances, allowing in extreme scenarios for Maxwell demon operationalmodes. Without specifying the actual implementation of external feedback loops,one can only partially quantify the additional contributions to entropyproduction. This is different in autonomously operating systems with internalfeedback. Traditional (bipartite) autonomous systems can be divided intocontroller and a controlled subsystem, but also non-bipartite systems canaccomplish the same task. We consider examples of autonomous three-terminalmodels that transfer heat mainly from a cold to a hot reservoir by dumping asmall fraction of it to an ultra-cold (demon) reservoir, such that theircoarse-grained dynamics resembles an external feedback loop. We find that theminimal three-level implementation is most efficient in utilizing heatdissipation to change the entropy balance of the effective controlled system.

How small can Maxwell's demon be? -- Lessons from autonomous electronic feedback models