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Roughly 3 billion citizens remain offline, equating to approximately 40percent of the global population. Therefore, providing Internet connectivity isan essential part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Goal 9). In thispaper a high-resolution global model is developed to evaluate the necessaryinvestment requirements to achieve affordable universal broadband. The resultsindicate that approximately $418 billion needs to be mobilized to connect allunconnected citizens globally (targeting 40-50 GB/Month per user with 95percent reliability). The bulk of additional investment is for emerging marketeconomies (73 percent) and low-income developing countries (24 percent). To ourknowledge, the paper contributes the first high-resolution global assessmentwhich quantifies universal broadband investment at the sub-national level toachieve SDG Goal 9.

What would it cost to connect the unconnected? Estimating global universal broadband infrastructure investment