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Purpose: The DANTE-SPACE sequence facilitates three-dimensional intracranialvessel wall imaging with simultaneous suppression of blood and cerebrospinalfluid (CSF). However, the achieved image contrast depends closely on theselected sequence parameters, and the clinical use of the sequence is limitedin vivo by observed signal variations in the vessel wall, CSF, and blood. Thispaper introduces a comprehensive DANTE-SPACE simulation framework, with the aimof providing a better understanding of the underlying contrast mechanisms andfacilitating improved parameter selection and contrast optimization.  Methods: An Extended Phase Graph (EPG) formalism was developed for efficientspin ensemble simulation of the DANTE-SPACE sequence. Physiological processessuch as pulsatile flow velocity variation, varying flow directions, intravoxeldephasing, diffusion, and B1+ effects were included in the framework torepresent the mechanisms behind the achieved signal levels accurately.  Results: Intravoxel velocity averaging improved temporal stability androbustness against small velocity changes. Time-varying pulsatile velocityvariation affected CSF simulations, introducing periods of near-zero velocityand partial rephasing. Inclusion of diffusion effects was found tosubstantially reduce the CSF signal. Blood flow trajectory variations had minoreffects, but B1+ differences along the trajectory reduced DANTE efficiency inlow-B1+ areas. Introducing low-velocity pulsatility of both CSF and vessel wallhelped explain the in vivo observed signal heterogeneity in both tissue types.  Conclusion: The presented simulation framework facilitates a morecomprehensive optimization of DANTE-SPACE sequence parameters. Furthermore, thesimulation framework helps to explain observed contrasts in acquired data.

An Extended Phase Graph-based framework for DANTE-SPACE simulations including physiological, temporal, and spatial variations