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Musical improvisation, much like spontaneous speech, reveals intricate facetsof the improviser's state of mind and emotional character. However, thespecific musical components that reveal such individuality remain largelyunexplored. Within the framework of brain's statistical learning and predictiveprocessing, this study examined the temporal dynamics of uncertainty andsurprise (prediction error) in a piece of musical improvisation. This studyemployed the HBSL model to analyze a corpus of 456 Jazz improvisations,spanning 1905 to 2009, from 78 distinct Jazz musicians. The results indicateddistinctive temporal patterns of surprise and uncertainty, especially in pitchand pitch-rhythm sequences, revealing era-specific features from the early 20thto the 21st centuries. Conversely, rhythm sequences exhibited a consistentdegree of uncertainty across eras. Further, the acoustic properties remainunchanged across different periods. These findings highlight the importance ofhow temporal dynamics of surprise and uncertainty in improvisational musicchange over periods, profoundly influencing the distinctive methodologiesartists adopt for improvisation in each era. Further, it is suggested that thedevelopment of improvisational music can be attributed to the brain's adaptivestatistical learning mechanisms, which constantly refine internal models tomirror the cultural and emotional nuances of their respective epochs. Thisstudy unravels the evolutionary trajectory of improvisational music andhighlights the nuanced shifts artists employ to resonate with the cultural andemotional landscapes of their times.

Shaping the Epochal Individuality and Generality: The Temporal Dynamics of Uncertainty and Prediction Error in Musical Improvisation