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The arrival of gravitational wave astronomy and a growing number oftime-domain focused observatories are set to lead to a increasing number ofdetections of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) launched with a moderateinclination to Earth. Being nearby events, these are also prime candidates forvery long-term follow-up campaigns and very-long-baseline interferometry(VLBI), which has implications for multi-messenger modelling, data analysis,and statistical inference methods applied to these sources. Here we present acomprehensive modelling update that directly incorporates into afterglowpyastrometric observations of the GRB position, Poissonian statistics for faintsources, and modelling of a trans-relativistic population of electrons. We usethe revolutionary event GW170817 to demonstrate the impact of these extensionsboth for the best-fit physics parameters and model selection methods thatassess the statistical significance of additional late-time emissioncomponents. By including in our analysis the latest Chandra X-ray observationsof GRB 170817A, we find only weak evidence (less than two sigma) for a newemission component at late times, which makes for a slightly more natural fitto the centroid evolution and prediction for the external medium density.

Modelling of Long-Term Afterglow Counterparts to Gravitational Wave Events: The Full View of GRB 170817A