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Conventional grid-code specifications for dynamic ancillary servicesprovision such as fast frequency and voltage regulation are typically definedby means of piece-wise linear step-response capability curves in the timedomain. However, although the specification of such time-domain curves isstraightforward, their practical implementation in a converter-based generationsystem is not immediate, and no customary methods have been developed yet. Inthis paper, we thus propose a systematic approach for the practicalimplementation of piece-wise linear time-domain curves to provide dynamicancillary services by converter-based generation systems, while ensuringgrid-code and device-level requirements to be reliably satisfied. Namely, wetranslate the piece-wise linear time-domain curves for active and reactivepower provision in response to a frequency and voltage step change into adesired rational parametric transfer function in the frequency domain, whichdefines a dynamic response behavior to be realized by the converter. Theobtained transfer function can be easily implemented e.g. via a PI-basedmatching control in the power loop of standard converter control architectures.We demonstrate the performance of our method in numerical grid-code compliancetests, and reveal its superiority over classical droop and virtual inertiaschemes which may not satisfy the grid codes due to their structurallimitations.

Dynamic Ancillary Services: From Grid Codes to Transfer Function-Based Converter Control