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Despite the growing consensus that stakeholders affected by AI systems shouldparticipate in their design, enormous variation and implicit disagreementsexist among current approaches. For researchers and practitioners who areinterested in taking a participatory approach to AI design and development, itremains challenging to assess the extent to which any participatory approachgrants substantive agency to stakeholders. This article thus aims to groundwhat we dub the "participatory turn" in AI design by synthesizing existingtheoretical literature on participation and through empirical investigation andcritique of its current practices. Specifically, we derive a conceptualframework through synthesis of literature across technology design, politicaltheory, and the social sciences that researchers and practitioners can leverageto evaluate approaches to participation in AI design. Additionally, wearticulate empirical findings concerning the current state of participatorypractice in AI design based on an analysis of recently published research andsemi-structured interviews with 12 AI researchers and practitioners. We usethese empirical findings to understand the current state of participatorypractice and subsequently provide guidance to better align participatory goalsand methods in a way that accounts for practical constraints.

The Participatory Turn in AI Design: Theoretical Foundations and the Current State of Practice