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The Internet architecture has facilitated a multi-party, distributed, andheterogeneous physical infrastructure where routers from different vendorsconnect and inter-operate via IP. Such vendor heterogeneity can have importantsecurity and policy implications. For example, a security vulnerability may bespecific to a particular vendor and implementation, and thus will have adisproportionate impact on particular networks and paths if exploited. From apolicy perspective, governments are now explicitly banning particular vendors,or have threatened to do so. Despite these critical issues, the composition ofrouter vendors across the Internet remains largely opaque. Remotely identifyingrouter vendors is challenging due to their strict security posture,indistinguishability due to code sharing across vendors, and noise due tovendor mergers. We make progress in overcoming these challenges by developingLFP, a tool that improves the coverage, accuracy, and efficiency of routerfingerprinting as compared to the current state-of-the-art. We leverage LFP tocharacterize the degree of router vendor homogeneity within networks and theregional distribution of vendors. We then take a path-centric view and applyLFP to better understand the potential for correlated failures andfate-sharing. Finally, we perform a case study on inter- and intra-UnitedStates data paths to explore the feasibility to make vendor-based routingpolicy decisions, i.e., whether it is possible to avoid a particular vendorgiven the current infrastructure.

Illuminating Router Vendor Diversity Within Providers and Along Network Paths