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This paper studies energy-efficient precoding designs for multi-user visiblelight communication (VLC) systems from the perspective of physical layersecurity where users' messages must be kept mutually confidential. For suchsystems, we first derive a lower bound on the achievable secrecy rate of eachuser. Next, the total power consumption for illumination and data transmissionis thoroughly analyzed. We then tackle the problem of maximizing energyefficiency, given that each user's secrecy rate satisfies a certain threshold.The design problem is shown to be non-convex fractional programming, whichrenders finding the optimal solution computationally prohibitive. Our aim inthis paper is, therefore, to find sub-optimal yet low complexity solutions. Forthis purpose, the traditional Dinkelbach algorithm is first employed toreformulate the original problem to a non-fractional parameterized one. Twodifferent approaches based on the convex-concave procedure (CCCP) andSemidefinite Relaxation (SDR) are utilized to solve the non-convexparameterized problem. In addition, to further reduce the complexity, weinvestigate a design using the zero-forcing (ZF) technique. Numerical resultsare conducted to show the feasibility, convergence, and performance of theproposed algorithms depending on different parameters of the system.

Energy-Efficient Precoding Designs for Multi-User Visible Light Communication Systems with Confidential Messages