English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The nature of the first seeds of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) iscurrently unknown, with postulated initial masses ranging from$\sim10^5~M_{\odot}$ to as low as $\sim10^2~M_{\odot}$. However, most existingcosmological simulations resolve BHs only down to $\sim10^5-10^6~M_{\odot}$. Inthis work, we introduce a novel sub-grid BH seed model that is directlycalibrated from high resolution zoom simulations that can trace the formationand growth of $\sim 10^3~M_{\odot}$ seeds forming in halos with pristine,star-forming gas. We trace the BH growth along merger trees until theirdescendants reach masses of $\sim10^4$ or $10^5~M_{\odot}$. The descendantsassemble in galaxies with a broad range of properties (e.g., halo masses$\sim10^7-10^9~M_{\odot}$) that evolve with redshift and are sensitive to seedparameters. The results are used to build a new stochastic seeding model thatdirectly seeds these descendants in lower resolution versions of our zoomregion. Remarkably, we find that by seeding the descendants simply based ontotal galaxy mass, redshift and an environmental richness parameter, we canreproduce the results of the detailed gas based seeding model. The baryonicproperties of the host galaxies are well reproduced by the mass-based seedingcriterion. The redshift-dependence of the mass-based criterion captures theinfluence of halo growth, star formation and metal enrichment on seedformation. The environment based seeding criterion seeds the descendants inrich environments with higher numbers of neighboring galaxies. This accountsfor the impact of unresolved merger dominated growth of BHs, which producesfaster growth of descendants in richer environments with more extensive BHmerger history. Our new seed model will be useful for representing a variety oflow mass seeding channels within next generation larger volume uniformcosmological simulations.

Representing low mass black hole seeds in cosmological simulations: A new sub-grid stochastic seed model