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Recent advances in machine learning and natural language processing havefostered the enormous prosperity of smart voice assistants and their services,e.g., Alexa, Google Home, Siri, etc. However, voice spoofing attacks are deemedto be one of the major challenges of voice control security, and never stopevolving such as deep-learning-based voice conversion and speech synthesistechniques. To solve this problem outside the acoustic domain, we focus onhead-wearable devices, such as earbuds and virtual reality (VR) headsets, whichare feasible to continuously monitor the bone-conducted voice in the vibrationdomain. Specifically, we identify that air and bone conduction (AC/BC) from thesame vocalization are coupled (or concurrent) and user-level unique, whichmakes them suitable behavior and biometric factors for multi-factorauthentication (MFA). The legitimate user can defeat acoustic domain and evencross-domain spoofing samples with the proposed two-stage AirBoneauthentication. The first stage answers \textit{whether air and bone conductionutterances are time domain consistent (TC)} and the second stage runs\textit{bone conduction speaker recognition (BC-SR)}. The security level ishence increased for two reasons: (1) current acoustic attacks on smart voiceassistants cannot affect bone conduction, which is in the vibration domain; (2)even for advanced cross-domain attacks, the unique bone conduction features candetect adversary's impersonation and machine-induced vibration. Finally,AirBone authentication has good usability (the same level as voiceauthentication) compared with traditional MFA and those specially designed toenhance smart voice security. Our experimental results show that the proposedAirBone authentication is usable and secure, and can be easily equipped bycommercial off-the-shelf head wearables with good user experience.

Eve Said Yes: AirBone Authentication for Head-Wearable Smart Voice Assistant