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Understanding the anisotropy of ultra high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) iscrucial for unraveling the origins and propagation mechanisms of theseenigmatic particles. In this work, we studied the dipolar anisotropy of UHECRsin the diffusive regime by considering three cosmological models: the standard$\Lambda$CDM model, $f(R)$ gravity power-law model and the Starobinsky model.This work aims to see the role of the $f(R)$ gravity theory in understandingthe anisotropy of UHECRs without condoning the standard cosmology. We foundthat the amplitude of the dipolar anisotropy is sensitive to these cosmologicalmodels, with the $f(R)$ power-law model predicting the largest amplitude, whilethe $\Lambda$CDM model predicting the smallest amplitude at most of theenergies in the range considered. The predicted amplitude of the Starobinskymodel lies within the range of the $\Lambda$CDM one. This work not onlyprovides a way for exploration of UHECRs anisotropy within differentcosmological contexts but also may pave the way for new avenues of research atthe intersection of high-energy astrophysics.

Anisotropies of Diffusive Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays in $f(R)$ Gravity Theory