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In this study, we measure the moral reasoning ability of LLMs using theDefining Issues Test - a psychometric instrument developed for measuring themoral development stage of a person according to the Kohlberg's Cognitive MoralDevelopment Model. DIT uses moral dilemmas followed by a set of ethicalconsiderations that the respondent has to judge for importance in resolving thedilemma, and then rank-order them by importance. A moral development stagescore of the respondent is then computed based on the relevance rating andranking.  Our study shows that early LLMs such as GPT-3 exhibit a moral reasoningability no better than that of a random baseline, while ChatGPT, Llama2-Chat,PaLM-2 and GPT-4 show significantly better performance on this task, comparableto adult humans. GPT-4, in fact, has the highest post-conventional moralreasoning score, equivalent to that of typical graduate school students.However, we also observe that the models do not perform consistently across alldilemmas, pointing to important gaps in their understanding and reasoningabilities.

Probing the Moral Development of Large Language Models through Defining Issues Test