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Statisticians are not only one of the earliest professional adopters of datavisualization, but also some of its most prolific users. Understanding howthese professionals utilize visual representations in their analytic processmay shed light on best practices for visual sensemaking. We present resultsfrom an interview study involving 18 professional statisticians (19.7 yearsaverage in the profession) on three aspects: (1) their use of visualization intheir daily analytic work; (2) their mental models of inferential statisticalprocesses; and (3) their design recommendations for how to best representstatistical inferences. Interview sessions consisted of discussing inferentialstatistics, eliciting participant sketches of suitable visual designs, andfinally, a design intervention with our proposed visual designs. We analyzedinterview transcripts using thematic analysis and open coding, derivingthematic codes on statistical mindset, analytic process, and analytic toolkit.The key findings for each aspect are as follows: (1) statisticians makeextensive use of visualization during all phases of their work (and not justwhen reporting results); (2) their mental models of inferential methods tend tobe mostly visually based; and (3) many statisticians abhor dichotomousthinking. The latter suggests that a multi-faceted visual display ofinferential statistics that includes a visual indicator of analyticallyimportant effect sizes may help to balance the attributed epistemic power oftraditional statistical testing with an awareness of the uncertainty ofsensemaking.

Visualization According to Statisticians: An Interview Study on the Role of Visualization for Inferential Statistics