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Secure container runtimes serve as the foundational layer for creating andrunning containers, which is the bedrock of emerging computing paradigms likemicroservices and serverless computing. Although existing secure containerruntimes indeed enhance security via running containers over a guest kernel anda Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM or Hypervisor), they incur performance penaltiesin critical areas such as networking, container startup, and I/O system calls.  In our practice of operating microservices and serverless computing, we builda high-performance secure container runtime named Quark. Unlike existingsolutions that rely on traditional VM technologies by importing Linux for theguest kernel and QEMU for the VMM, we take a different approach to buildingQuark from the ground up, paving the way for extreme customization to unlockhigh performance. Our development centers on co-designing a custom guest kerneland a VMM for secure containers. To this end, we build a lightweight guest OSkernel named QKernel and a specialized VMM named QVisor. The QKernel-QVisorcodesign allows us to deliver three key advancements: high-performanceRDMA-based container networking, fast container startup mode, and efficientmechanisms for executing I/O syscalls. In our practice with real-world appslike Redis, Quark cuts down P95 latency by 79.3% and increases throughput by2.43x compared to Kata. Moreover, Quark container startup achieves 96.5% lowerlatency than the cold-start mode while saving 81.3% memory cost to thekeep-warm mode. Quark is open-source with an industry-standard codebase inRust.

Quark: A High-Performance Secure Container Runtime for Serverless Computing