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Context: High-resolution spectra in the near-infrared (NIR) are an importanttool for the detailed study of stellar atmospheres. The accurate identificationof elements and molecules in these spectra can be used to determine chemicalabundances and physical conditions in the photosphere of the observed star.Such identifications require precise line positions and strengths of bothatomic and molecular features. Aims: This work focusses on the fullidentification of absorption lines in the NIR spectrum of the K-giant 10 Leo,including previously unidentified lines. The large number and complexity of theobserved absorption lines require a deep search for potential spectralsignatures to enable an unambiguous assignment to specific elements ormolecular species. We aim to improve the published line lists of metals, someof which are determined by model calculations only, and many of which presentlylack the completeness and accuracy of line parameters. Methods: The CRIRES-POPproject provided high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) spectra ofseveral bright stars in the 1 to 5 $\mu$m range. For the K-giant 10 Leo, aspectrum corrected for telluric absorption and with precise wavelengthcalibration is available. This has been analysed by comparison with modelspectra and up-to-date line lists. Results: We identified lines of 29 elementsand eight molecular species. While the positions of many known lines could beconfirmed, about 6% of all lines detected in 10 Leo could not be attributed toany known feature. For CO and its isotopologues, molecular constants could bederived and several additional lines identified. We report majorinconsistencies for some prominent lines. In addition, abundances for severalkey elements in 10 Leo are provided.

CRIRES-POP: a library of high resolution spectra in the near-infrared. III. Line identification in the K-giant 10 Leo