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The review article aims to provide an overview of the challenges andstrategies for enhancing interoperability among health information systems inlow- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Achieving interoperability in LMICspresents unique challenges due to various factors, such as limited resources,fragmented health information systems, and diverse health IT infrastructure.The methodology involves conducting a comprehensive literature review,synthesising findings, identifying challenges and strategies, analysing andinterpreting results, and writing and finalising the article. The articlehighlights that the interoperability challenges include a lack ofstandardisation, fragmented systems, limited resources, and data privacyconcerns. The article proposes strategies to enhance interoperability in LMICs,such as standardisation of data formats and protocols, consolidation of healthinformation systems, investment in health IT infrastructure, and capacitybuilding of health IT professionals in LMICs. The article aims to provideinsights into the current state and potential strategies for enhancinginteroperability among health information systems in LMICs, intending toimprove healthcare delivery and outcomes in these KEYWORDS Interoperability,Health information systems, low and middle-income countries (LMICs),challenges, strategies, standardisation

Enhancing interoperability among health information systems in low- and middle- income countries: a review of challenges and strategies