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The fundamental theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics areincompatible, presenting a significant theoretical challenge. Generalrelativity offers an effective description of gravity and large-scale dynamics,while quantum mechanics describes phenomena for atomic- to Planck-scale. TheWigner rotation angle (WRA) of a photon induced by gravity, where relativisticeffects become observable in its quantum spin state, is a significant point ofinterest as a promising candidate for direct observation near Earth byconsidering its small but measurable order. In this paper, we reveal that themomentum-dependent WRA displays a non-reciprocal characteristic. This distinctbehavior leads to a measurable relative WRA difference between two paths of aninterferometer within the Earth's gravitational field, while the WRA of aphoton has conventionally been viewed as having a trivial value on a closedloop. Building on this finding, we propose an experiment that can be used totest the theoretical framework of the WRA induced in curved spacetime throughthe use of the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) quantum interference effect for photons innear-Earth orbits. We show that in our proposed experiment the coincidentphoton counting rate depends on the difference of the momentum-dependent WRA inthe two arms of an interferometer.

Gravitational quantum optical interferometry for experimental validation of geometric phase induced by spacetime curvature