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Smart contracts are programs that are executed on the blockchain and canhold, manage and transfer assets in the form of cryptocurrencies. Thecontract's execution is then performed on-chain and is subject to consensus,i.e. every node on the blockchain network has to run the function calls andkeep track of their side-effects. In most programmable blockchains, such asEthereum, the notion of gas is introduced to prevent DoS attacks by maliciousparties who might try to slow down the network by performing heavycomputations. A fixed cost to each atomic operation, and the initiator of afunction call pays the total gas cost as a transaction fee. This helps preventDoS attacks, but the resulting fees are extremely high. For example, in 2022,on Ethereum alone, there has been a total gas usage of 1.77 Million ETH ~ 4.3Billion USD. This thesis proposes "lazy contracts" as a solution to alleviatethese costs. Our solution moves most of the computation off-chain, ensuringthat each function call incurs only a tiny amount of gas usage, whilepreserving enough data on-chain to guarantee an implicit consensus about thestate of the contract variables and ownership of funds. A complete on-chainexecution of the functions will only be triggered in case two parties to thecontract are in disagreement about the current state, which in turn can onlyhappen if at least one party is dishonest. In such cases, our protocol canidentify the dishonest party and penalize them by having them pay for theentire gas usage. Hence, no rational party has an incentive to act dishonestly.Finally, we perform extensive experiments over 160,735 real-world Soliditycontracts that were involved in 9,055,492 transactions in January 2022--January2023 on Ethereum and show that our approach reduces the overall gas usage by55.4%, which amounts to an astounding saving of 109.9 Million USD in gas fees.

Lazy Contracts: Alleviating High Gas Costs by Secure and Trustless Off-chain Execution of Smart Contracts