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The detectability of light dark matter in direct detection experiments islimited by the small kinetic energy of the recoiling targets. Thus, scenarioswhere dark matter is boosted to relativistic velocities provide a useful tacticto constrain sub-GeV dark matter particles. Of the possible dark matterboosting mechanisms, cosmic-ray upscattering is an appealing paradigm as itdoesn't require any additional assumptions beyond dark matter coupling tonucleons or electrons. However, detectable signals are obtained only withrelatively large cross sections which, in turn, can only be realized with largecouplings, light mediators or composite dark matter. In this work we consider ageneral set of light mediators that couple dark matter to hadrons. Using datafrom Borexino, XENON1T, LZ and Super-K, we show that existing constraints onsuch mediators preclude appreciable cosmic-ray dark matter upscattering. Thisfinding highlights the limited applicability of cosmic-ray upscatteringconstraints and suggests they only be used in model-dependent studies.

Cosmic-ray dark matter confronted by constraints on new light mediators