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The increasing demand for wireless communication services has led to thedevelopment of non-terrestrial networks, which enables various air and spaceapplications. Free-space optical (FSO) communication is considered one of theessential technologies capable of connecting terrestrial and non-terrestriallayers. In this article, we analyze considerations and challenges for FSOcommunications between gateways and aircraft from a pointing-and-acquisitionperspective. Based on the analysis, we first develop a baseline method thatutilizes conventional devices and mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose analgorithm that combines angle of arrival (AoA) estimation through supplementaryradio frequency (RF) links and beam tracking using retroreflectors. Throughextensive simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed method offers superiorperformance in terms of link acquisition and maintenance.

Pointing-and-Acquisition for Optical Wireless in 6G: From Algorithms to Performance Evaluation