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We explore the connection between migration patterns and emergent behaviorsof evolving populations in spatially heterogeneous environments. Despiteextensive studies in ecologically and medically important systems, a unifyingframework that clarifies this connection and makes concrete predictions remainsmuch needed. Using a simple evolutionary model on a network of interconnectedhabitats with distinct fitness landscapes, we demonstrate a fundamentalconnection between migration feedback, emergent ecotypes, and an unusual formof discontinuous critical transition. We show how migration feedback generatesspatially non-local niches in which emergent ecotypes can specialize. Ruggedfitness landscapes lead to a complex, yet understandable, phase diagram inwhich different ecotypes coexist under different migration patterns. Thediscontinuous transitions are distinct from the standard first-order phasetransitions in statistical physics. They arise due to simultaneoustranscritical bifurcations and exhibit a "fine structure" due to symmetrybreaking between intra- and inter-ecotype interactions. We suggest feasibleexperiments to test our predictions.

Migration feedback induces emergent ecotypes and abrupt transitions in evolving populations