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The non-minimal coupling of scalar fields to gravity has been claimed toviolate energy conditions, leading to exotic phenomena such as traversablewormholes, even in classical theories. In this work we adopt the view that thenon-minimal coupling can be viewed as part of an effective field theory (EFT)in which the field value is controlled by the theory's cutoff. Under thisassumption, the average null energy condition, whose violation is necessary toallow traversable wormholes, is obeyed both classically and in the context ofquantum field theory. In addition, we establish a type of "smeared" null energycondition in the non-minimally coupled theory, showing that the null energyaveraged over a region of spacetime obeys a state dependent bound, in that itdepends on the allowed field range. We finally motivate our EFT assumption byconsidering when the gravity plus matter path integral remains semi-classicallycontrolled.

Non-minimal coupling, negative null energy, and effective field theory