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Heat is an inevitable outcome in energy consumption processes, as more than65% of input energy is wasted as heat. If we can generate electricity fromwaste heat, it will help minimize the needs for fossil fuels in power plantsand can reduce carbon emissions. One way to generate power from heat is throughthe use of thermophotovoltaics (TPVs), where photons radiated from thermalemitters are converted into electricity. To optimize TPV performance, it iscrucial to design emitters such that their emissivity spectrum matches theiroperating temperature. For example, higher emissivity is needed at shorter(longer) wavelengths at higher (lower) temperatures. Thus, having the abilityto create wavelength-selective emitters can enable TPV applications for a widerrange of temperatures.  This research focuses on utilizing metamaterials (2D emitters) and planarthin films (1D emitters) to create those emitters. Simulation, fabrication,material property analysis, and radiation measurements were used tocharacterize the emitters. Based on simulation, metamaterial emitters exhibitengineerable emissivity due to various mechanisms of their optical resonance.Also, large-area fabrication of 1D emitters (78 cm2) was achieved owing totheir simple structure, which is required to produce higher TPV power output.Incorporating the characteristics of emitters of each type, their advantagesand challenges are discussed. Therefore, the comprehensive results of thisresearch help realize practical implementation of TPV applications.

Optical Structures for Thermophotovoltaic Emitters: Power Generation from Waste Heat